Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Please click here to see any active alerts. In , The Water Quality Standards Handbook: Second Edition was issued and retained all of the guidance in the handbook unless such guidance was specifically revised in subsequent years.
The handbook also contained new EPA guidance that was developed between and EPA did not revise the text of the chapters in either or EPA also streamlined the text of these chapters to make the document more user friendly. Chapter 3 contains information relevant to water quality criteria. It is dangerous to pass where a vehicle is likely to enter or cross the road. Such places include intersections, railroad crossings and shopping center entrances. While you are passing, your view of people, vehicles or trains can be blocked.
Also, drivers turning right into the approaching lane will not expect to find you approaching in their lane. They may not even look your way before turning. Never pass on the shoulder, whether it is paved or not. Other drivers will never expect you to be there and may pull off the road without looking.
On Multi-Lane roads. The left-most lane is intended for passing slower vehicles. If you pass on the right, the other driver may have difficulty seeing you and might suddenly change lanes in front of you. When your direction of travel is less than three lanes, Connecticut law requires you to drive in the right lane, except when passing.
If you need to make a left turn or exit the highway on the left you may move into the left lane. Always remember to do so safely and with a signal. Turning Where there are no signs or lane markings to control turning, you should turn from the lane that is closest to the direction you want to go and turn into the lane closest to the one you came from.
This way, you will cross the fewest lanes of traffic. When making turns, go from one lane to the other as directly as possible without crossing lane lines or interfering with traffic. Once you have completed your turn and once it is safe to do so, you can change to another lane if you need to.
Remember to always look and signal before changing lanes. On right turns, avoid swinging wide to the left before making the turn. If you swing wide, the driver behind you may think you are changing lanes or going to turn left and may try to pass you on the right. If you swing wide as you complete the turn, drivers who are in the far lane will not expect to see you there. When making a left turn, avoid cutting the corner so sharply that you run into someone approaching from the left.
However, be sure to leave room for oncoming vehicles to turn left in front of you. If there are signs or lane markings that allow for two or more turning lanes, stay in your lane during the turn. Remember when your direction of travel is less than three lanes, Connecticut law requires you to drive in the right lane, except when passing. Backing Never back a vehicle in any travel lane, it is illegal and unsafe to do so, except to parallel park or to perform a three-point or K turn.
Drivers do not expect a vehicle to be backing towards them and may not realize it until it is too late. If you miss your turn or exit, do not back up but go on to where you can safely turn around.
Do not stop in travel lanes for any reason confusion, breakdown, letting out a passenger. Keep moving until you can safely pull off the road. It is hard for you to see behind your vehicle. Try to do as little backing as possible. In a shopping center, try to find a parking space you can drive through so that you can drive forward when you leave.
Do not depend on your rearview or side mirrors, as you cannot see directly behind your vehicle with these. Visibility Most of what you do in driving depends on what you see. To be a good driver, you need to see well. The single biggest contributor to crashes is failing to see what is happening. You must look down the road, to the sides, and behind your vehicle. You must also be alert for unexpected events.
Many crashes occur because drivers do not pay enough attention to their driving. Hills and Curves. You have to be able to see at least one-third of a mile about 10 seconds ahead. Any time your view is blocked by a curve or a hill, you should assume that there is an oncoming vehicle just out of sight.
Therefore, you should treat a curve or a hill as you do an oncoming vehicle. This means you should not start to pass if you are within one-third of a mile of a hill or curve. Check your mirrors when you are going down hills or mountains.
Vehicles often build up speed going down a steep grade. Be alert for large trucks and buses that may be going too fast. Others Who Cannot See You. Anyone who cannot see you may enter your path without knowing you are there. A driver backing into the roadway or backing into or pulling out of parking spaces.
A driver whose windows are covered with snow or ice or are steamed-up. Pedestrians with umbrellas in front of their faces or with their hats pulled down.
People who may be ready to get out of a vehicle or walk out from between parked vehicles. Give parked vehicles as much room as you can. If you need to look at a map, pull safely off the road before you try to look at it.
In many crashes with motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians, drivers reported that they looked but did not see them. These are illegal in many states and make it too hard to hear emergency horns or sirens.
If you take your eyes off the road to look at something, you could run into a vehicle ahead that has slowed or stopped. Rubbernecking can also increase congestion. When you pass these roadside activities, keep your eyes on the road and get past them as quickly and safely as you can.
For example, you must slow down before a sharp curve, when the roadway is slippery, and when there is standing water on the road. The only contact your vehicle has with the road is through the tires. How good a grip the tires have with the road depends on the type and condition of the tires and the type and condition of the road surface.
Tire Conditions Many drivers do not pay enough attention to the condition of their tires or to the condition of the roadway. It is important that the tires be in good condition and have enough air in them. You do not have as much traction on gravel or dirt roads as you do on concrete or asphalt roads. When driving on gravel or dirt, you must slow down.
It will take you much longer to stop and it is also much easier to skid when turning. Curves A vehicle can travel much faster in a straight line than it can in a curve. It is easy to go too fast in a curve. If you go too fast, the tires will not be able to grip the road and the vehicle will skid. Always slow down before you enter the curve so you do not have to brake in the curve. Braking in a curve can cause the vehicle to skid. Slippery Roads Slow down at the first sign of rain, snow, or sleet.
These all make the roadway slippery. On a wet road, you should reduce your speed by about 10 mph. On packed snow, you should cut your speed in half.
Use snow tires or chains when the road has snow on it. On ice, you must slow to a crawl. It is very dangerous to drive on ice. If at all possible, do not drive when the roads are icy. In some areas where there is a lot of icy weather, special studded tires are allowed. Because these tires can cause road damage, they are not allowed in many areas or on certain roads. Studded tires are permitted in Connecticut from November 15th through April 30th. Some road surfaces are slippery at certain times or places.
These areas freeze first and dry out last. The pavement on bridges can be icy even when other pavement is not. This is because bridges do not have earth underneath them to help insulate them against the cold and thus can be colder and icier than other roadways.
This makes it more slippery than at temperatures well below freezing. Heat causes the oil in the asphalt to come to the surface. The road is more slippery until the oil is washed off. Water on the Roadway When it is raining or the road is wet, most tires have good traction up to about 35 mph. As you go faster, however, your tires will start to ride up on the water like water skis.
Bald or badly worn tires will lose traction at much lower speeds. The best way to keep from hydroplaning is to slow down in the rain or when the road is wet. If you must turn, do it slowly, or you will cause your vehicle to skid. Both new and veteran drivers must be aware of aggressive driving and road rage and must know how to deal with each when they occur.
In particular, aggressive driving can occur sometimes without the driver even knowing it, yet it affects others with whom they share the road. Most people know that driving is a privilege and comes with responsibilities. One of those is self-control. Reasons for Aggressive Driving Experts across the country have been studying the issue of aggressive driving and road rage. Such as: family issues, marital problems, resentments from the job, difficulties with authority and feeling controlled by others.
When another vehicle invades that space in a way they dislike, they have an increased and unfounded tendency to strike back. Ease of operation gives drivers the false sense that they control all aspects of the vehicle, including mechanical functioning of the vehicle as they operate it carelessly.
Avoiding the Risks How to Avoid Conflict on the Road There are solutions to these problems, but most of them come from within the driver. However, it is best to leave punishment to the police. Call the police to report any instances of aggressive driving when you arrive at your destination.
Driving is not a contest. Let others who are racing pass you. Motorists would be well advised to keep their cool in traffic. Be patient and courteous to other drivers and correct unsafe driving habits that are likely to endanger, infuriate or antagonize other motorists. Be aware of the behaviors that have resulted in violence in the past.
Stay out of the far left lane and yield to the right for any vehicle that wants to pass. Maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in front of you. Dozens of deadly traffic altercations begin when one driver tailgates another.
Signal Lights. If you want to wave to another driver, please use all of your fingers. Obscene gestures have gotten people shot, stabbed and beaten. Use your horn sparingly. The driver in front of you may think you are honking at him or her. A stressed-out motorist may be set off. Various kinds of violence begin with a driver honking the horn. Failure to Turn. In most areas, right-hand turns are allowed after a stop at a red light. Avoid the right-hand lane if you are not turning right.
Do not take more than one parking space. Do not park in a handicapped parking space if you are not handicapped. When parallel parking, do not tap the other vehicles with your own. Look before backing up. Keep headlights on low beam, except where unlighted conditions require the use of high beams. Dim your lights for oncoming traffic. When traffic permits, move out of the right-hand lane of a multi-lane highway to allow vehicles to enter from the on-ramps. If you are pulling a trailer or driving a cumbersome vehicle that impedes traffic behind you, pull over when you have the opportunity so that motorists behind you can pass.
Also, do not block the road while talking to a pedestrian on the sidewalk. This behavior has resulted in violence from angry motorists. If you have an anti-theft alarm on your vehicle, learn how to turn it off quickly. When buying an alarm, select one that turns off after a short period of time.
Eye Contact. If a hostile motorist tries to pick a fight, do not make eye contact. This can be seen as a challenging gesture and can incite the other driver to violence. Get out of the way and do not acknowledge the other driver. If a motorist pursues you, do not go home. Instead, drive to a police station, convenience store, or other public and well-lit location where you can get help. Distracted Driving People Who Are Distracted Even when others can see you, allow extra room or be extra cautious if you think they may be distracted.
Delivery persons. Construction Workers. Drivers who are not paying attention to their driving. People Who Are Confused People who are confused may cause an unsafe situation. You do not see as well, nor are you as alert. It takes you more time to make decisions, and you may not always make good decisions.
You can be more irritable and can get upset more easily. When you are tired, you could fall asleep behind the wheel and crash, injuring or killing yourself or others. Do not leave on a trip if you are already tired. Plan your trips so you can leave when you are rested. Do not take any medicine that can make you drowsy. Eat lightly.
Do not eat a large meal before you leave. Some people get sleepy after they eat a big meal. Take breaks. Stop every hour or so when you need to. Walk around, get some fresh air, and have some coffee, soda, or juice. The few minutes spent on a rest break can save your life. Plan for plenty of time to complete your trip safely. Your body thinks it is time to go to sleep and will try to do so. Never drive if you are sleepy. It is better to stop and sleep for a few hours than to take a chance on staying awake.
If possible, switch driving tasks with another driver so you can sleep while they drive. Health Many health problems can affect your driving - a bad cold, infection, virus, etc. Even little problems like a stiff neck, a cough, or a sore leg can affect your driving. If you are not feeling well and need to go somewhere, let someone else drive. Emotions Emotions can have a great affect on your driving. You may not be able to drive well if you are overly worried, excited, afraid, angry, or depressed.
If necessary, take a short walk, but stay off the road until you have calmed down. Some find that listening to the radio helps. Leave a few minutes early. If you have plenty of time, you may not tend to speed or do other things that can get you a traffic ticket or cause a crash.
Driving around lowered gates or trying to beat a train can be fatal. If you drink alcohol, even a little, your chances of being in an accident are much greater than if you had not had any alcohol. No one can drink alcohol and drive safely, even if they have been driving for many years. New drivers are more affected by alcohol than experienced drivers because they are still learning to drive. Because drinking alcohol and then driving is so dangerous, the penalties are very tough.
People who drive after drinking risk heavy fines, higher insurance rates, loss of license, and even jail sentences. Why is Drinking and Driving So Dangerous? Alcohol reduces all of the important skills you need to drive safely. Alcohol goes from your stomach to your blood and to all parts of your body. Alcohol affects those areas of your brain that control judgment and skill.
This is one reason why drinking alcohol is so dangerous: it affects your judgment. You do not know when you have had too much to drink until it is too late.
It is a little like a sunburn, by the time you feel it, it is already too late. Good judgment is important to driving. Alcohol slows your reflexes and reaction time, reduces your ability to see clearly, and makes you less alert. As the amount of alcohol in your body increases, your judgment worsens and your skills decrease.
You will have trouble judging distances, speeds, and the movement of other vehicles. You will also have trouble controlling your vehicle. The best advice is if you drink alcohol - do not drive. Any amount of alcohol can affect your driving.
You may be impaired and could be arrested for operating under the influence of alcohol. In Connecticut, people under 21 years old could be considered impaired after having only one drink of alcohol. An alcohol drink is: 1. Specialty drinks can have more alcohol in them and are the same as having several normal drinks. There is no way to sober up quickly. Coffee, fresh air, exercise, or cold showers will not help.
Time is the only thing that will sober you up. There are ways of dealing with social drinking situations. Arrange to go with two or more persons and agree which one of you will not drink alcohol. Do NOT drink and drive! These drugs can have effects like those of alcohol, or even worse. This is true of many prescription drugs, and even many over-the-counter drugs. Drugs taken for headaches, colds, hay fever or other allergies or those to calm nerves can make a person drowsy and can affect their driving.
Other prescription drugs can affect your reflexes, judgment, vision and alertness in ways similar to alcohol. If you are driving, check the label before you take a drug for warnings about its effect s. If you are not sure whether it is safe to take the drug and drive, ask your doctor or pharmacist about any side effects. Never drink alcohol while you are taking other drugs.
These drugs could multiply the effects of alcohol or have additional effects of their own. These effects not only reduce your ability to be a safe driver, but could also cause serious health problems - even death. Your License and Law Alcohol and the Law Connecticut law provides strict penalties for driving under the influence of alcohol.
Penalties are imposed by the courts and by the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles. If you are arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol, you will be asked to submit to a blood, breath or urine test, which shows your blood alcohol content BAC. If you are placed under arrest for DUI, you may be asked to submit to testing.
If your test results are. The length of your suspension is double that of an adult. The suspension period is at least days, possibly longer depending upon the number of DUI offenses on your driving record. Once again, these penalties applicable to drivers under 21 years of age are in addition to penalties imposed by the court as a result of conviction of the offense s for which a driver has been arrested. DMV Substance Abuse Treatment Program If your license has been suspended for two or more alcohol-related violations failure to pass or refusal to submit to sobriety test: Administrative Per Se or has been suspended for one or more DUI court convictions in state, you must participate in and complete the DMV Substance Abuse Treatment Program prior to restoration of your license.
The suspension notice mailed to you regarding the DUI conviction will contain information regarding this requirement. Approximately two months after you receive your suspension notice, DMV will mail you a program notice along with an informational flyer, and you should follow the instructions in the flyer.
A person must complete the DMV Substance Abuse Treatment Program even though they may have completed other programs for other agencies regarding their alcohol-related issues.
Stopping for Police Vehicles Police vehicles attempting to stop drivers will do so by means of a visual, flashing blue or flashing blue and red lights, or audible signal. Drivers should keep their hands on the steering wheel and passengers should keep their hands in plain view.
Keep all vehicle doors closed as the officer approaches, and remain in the vehicle unless requested to get out. If enforcement action is taken against you that you disagree with, do not argue with the officer at the scene. Traffic violations and traffic crimes charged against you are decided in court. It is called the Operator Retraining Program and covers the principles of motor vehicle operation, how attitude contributes to the behavior found in aggressive driving, and the need to practice safe driving behavior.
A motorist who is 25 years old or older and who has three or more such convictions is required to attend and successfully pass a driver-retraining program. When you hear an emergency vehicle approaching from any directions, you must a Slow down b Pull to the right side of the road and stop c Continue driving at the same speed d Speed up 4.
The No-Zone area is a An area where pedestrians cannot cross the street b An area where vehicles are not allowed to park c The danger areas around a truck where there are blind spots for the driver d None of the above 55 Road Safety Rules of the Road Speed Limits You must comply with speed limits. They are based on the design of the road and the types of vehicles that use them. They take into account things you cannot see, such as side roads and driveways where people may pull out suddenly and the amount of traffic on that road.
Remember, speed limits are posted for ideal conditions. If the road is wet or icy, if you cannot see well, or if traffic is heavy, you must slow down. Even if you are driving the posted speed limit, you can get a ticket for traveling too fast for road conditions.
The best way to prevent speeding is to know how fast you are going. Check the speedometer often. People are not very good at judging how fast they are driving. It is easy to be traveling much faster than you think. This is especially true when you leave high-speed roads and are driving on local roads. Follow the speed limit signs-they are there for your safety. The faster your vehicle is going, the more distance it will take to turn, slow, or stop.
For example, stopping at 60 mph does not take twice the distance it takes at 30 mph, as one might think, but over three times the distance.
Driving safely means adjusting your speed for road and traffic conditions, how well you can see, and obeying speed limits. Driving Too Slow. Going much slower than other vehicles can be just as bad as speeding. It tends to make vehicles bunch up behind you and causes the other traffic to pass you. If vehicles are piled up behind you, pull over when it is safe to do so and let them pass.
You should either drive faster or consider using roads with slower speeds. Stopping suddenly is dangerous and usually points to a driver who was not paying attention. When you brake quickly, you could skid and lose control of your vehicle. You also make it harder for drivers behind you to stop without hitting you.
Try to avoid panic stops by seeing events well in advance. By slowing down or changing lanes, you may not have to stop at all. If you do, you can make a more gradual and safer stop. Remember, you must come to a complete stop at a stop sign or stop line. How Well Can You See? If something is in your path and you need to stop, you need to see it in time to be able to stop.
It takes much longer and a farther distance to stop than many people think. That is about the length of a city block. That is almost half a city block in length. If you cannot see feet ahead, it means you may not be driving safely at 50 mph. If you cannot see feet ahead, you may not be driving safely at 30 mph. By the time you see an object in your path, it may be too late to stop without hitting it.
Right-of-Way Where vehicles or pedestrians are likely to meet one another and there are no signs or signals to regulate traffic, there are rules that dictate which driver must yield the right-of-way.
These rules tell who goes first and who must wait in different traffic situations. The law says who must yield the right-of-way. It does not give anyone the right-of-way. You must do everything you can to prevent striking a pedestrian or another vehicle, regardless of the circumstances. Do not use your horn because it could confuse or frighten the pedestrian. If more than one vehicle arrives at the same time, the vehicle on the right goes first. You should wait until traffic ahead clears so that you are not blocking the intersection.
You must remain stopped until the emergency vehicle has passed, unless otherwise directed by a State or local police officer or a fire fighter. If you are in an intersection, drive through the intersection before you pull over. You are not required to stop if the bus is traveling towards you and a median or other physical barrier separates the roadway.
They may have one lane or two lanes. Entering traffic must yield the right-of-way to circulating traffic. Each road approaching them is marked with a yield sign and may also have yield line markings on the pavement. They are easy to use. Simply position your vehicle correctly and use your turn signals to indicate where you want to go. When approaching a roundabout or rotary, slow down. You must yield to traffic proceeding through them.
If you plan to turn right, stay to the right as you enter. If you plan to go straight, you may stay in either lane. So before you make a U-turn, check for signs prohibiting them. Never make a U-turn on an expressway. When making a U-turn, give a left turn signal, stop, check for approaching traffic. Proceed into the outside or right hand lane traveling in the opposite direction.
Parking Drivers are responsible for making sure that their vehicle is not a hazard when it is parked. Whenever you park, be sure it is in a place that is far enough from any travel lane to avoid interfering with traffic and visible to vehicles approaching from either direction. Get out of the vehicle on the curbside if you can. If you have to use the street side, check traffic before you get out.
Shut the door as soon as you can after getting out. It is a good habit to lock the doors whenever you leave your vehicle. If there is a curb, park as close to it as you can. This way, if your vehicle starts to roll downhill, it will roll away from traffic. No-Parking Zones There are many areas where you cannot park. Check for signs that may prohibit or limit parking.
Some parking restrictions are indicated by colored curb markings. On a crosswalk or sidewalk. In a construction area if your vehicle will block traffic. Within 25 feet of a stop sign. Within 25 feet of a pedestrian safety zone.
Within 10 feet of a fire hydrant. More than one foot from the curb. On a bridge or overpass or in a tunnel or underpass. On the wrong side of the street. In a space marked for the handicapped, unless you have a handicap license plate, tag or sticker.
On the roadside of a parked vehicle double parking. On railroad tracks. Where a sign says you cannot park. Lights Crashes often happen when one driver does not see another driver or when one driver does something the other driver does not expect.
It is important that drivers let other road users know they are there and what they plan to do. Use Headlights. Besides helping you see at night, headlights help other people see you. If necessary, flash your high beams to tell other road users you are there. Remember to turn on your headlights whenever you have trouble seeing others. If you have trouble seeing them, they may have trouble seeing you. In these conditions, headlights make your vehicle easier to see.
Remember, if you turn on your wipers, turn on your headlights. Even if you turn them on a little early, you will help other drivers see you. Parking lights are for parked vehicles only. Drivers coming towards you may have trouble seeing your vehicle. Your headlights will help them see you.
It is much harder to see at night. High beams let you see twice as far as low beams. During the long period in which the justice of the peace court system was in place, a rich body of case law was created. Whenever possible this Handbook references to case law decided for justice of the peace courts, as illustrative on how specific issues should be handled by magistrates. In addition, the Handbook provides case law guidance on issues decided under the rules of civil procedure for circuit courts.
This Handbook is intended to be user-friendly. In doing so, the material in this Handbook has been arranged under each Rule that is set out in the Rules of Civil Procedure for the Magistrate Courts. To the extent that the Handbook covers procedural matters only found in statutes and other administrative rules promulgated by the Supreme Court, such matters have been set out near closely related Rules.
The text is ideal for students taking the Legal Practice Course or relevant LLB or LLM modules and features case studies on both a personal injury matter and a commercial matter, making it suitable for students with either a high street or a commercial focus. Following the chronological progression of a civil litigation claim, the book offers practical guidance on advising clients whilst ensuring that the principles of the SRA Handbook and Code of Conduct are maintained.
Students on CILEx courses, new trainees in practice and paralegals will find this practical guidance of use in both their study and their work. Innovative diagrams at the beginning of chapters make clear the way in which the litigation procedure works and help students understand the nature of the process as a whole. Examples provide students with a realistic context for their learning, while issues of cost, best practice, and professional conduct are clearly highlighted.
Alternative dispute resolution is given appropriate practical emphasis, and references to the Civil Procedure Rules throughout make sure that students are ready for life in practice. Online Resource Centre Student Resources Case study documentation Additional chapters covering injunctions, a practical guide to court hearings, and instructions to counsel Annotated forms Appendix - Links to key Court forms Litigation train Podcasts Updates Weblinks Lecturer Resources Case study materials Video clips Test bank of over 50 multiple choice questions.
Cleckley Publisher : Juris Publishing, Inc. For ease and convenience, the material in this new Handbook has been organized to correspond with actual rule citations.
Therefore, if a practitioner knows the particular rule citation under consideration, he or she need only find the corresponding section citation in this Handbook for a discussion of the particular rule. The Fourth Edition cites per curiam opinions issued by the state Supreme Court and also provides federal case law construing the federal rules of civil procedure. As the practitioner knows, West Virginia's rules of civil procedure are patterned after the federal rules.
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